New findings on the brain structure of SuperAgers

Scientists have observed that the brains of SuperAgers undergo a much slower loss of volume than standards. This occurs in key areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex, crucial for memory and attention. Surprisingly, their cortical thickness is comparable to that of people in their 50s or 60s. Furthermore, it was noted that SuperAgers have a higher concentration of Von Economo neurons, specialised cells linked to social intelligence and awareness.

Another interesting area is the hippocampus, known for its role in memory formation. Recent studies suggest that in SuperAgers this region maintains a higher neuronal density than in their peers. This could explain why they are able to retain the ability to learn and remember complex information.

Cognitive resilience: a mix of genetics and lifestyle

Cognitive resilience represents the brain's ability to maintain optimal functionality despite advancing age and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. This concept is closely related to 'cognitive reserve', defined by Yacov Stern as the brain's ability to maintain good cognitive performance despite the accumulation of physiological changes due to age and the presence of neurodegenerative diseases.

Cognitive resilience is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. On the one hand, genetic predispositions may confer a neurobiological basis that favours greater resistance to cognitive decline. On the other, lifestyle plays a crucial role in modulating the expression of these genes and enhancing cognitive reserve. For example, engagement in cognitive and physical activities can produce positive adaptations by increasing the number of neurons, synaptic connections and neurotransmitters, thus contributing to greater brain plasticity.

A key element in lifestyle that affects cognitive resilience is physical activity, particularly strength training. A study conducted by the University of Sydney found that six months of strength training can protect areas of the brain vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease for up to a year after surgery. This type of exercise has been shown to slow and even halt the degeneration of specific sub-regions of the hippocampus, a structure crucial for learning and memory. The study participants, elderly people with mild cognitive impairment, showed significant cognitive benefits related to the protection of these brain areas.

In addition to physical activity, other aspects of lifestyle contribute to cognitive resilience. Engaging in intellectually stimulating activities, such as reading, participating in strategy games or learning new skills, can strengthen neural networks and increase cognitive reserve. Social interactions and maintaining an active social life are also important protective factors, as they promote mental stimulation and emotional well-being. Furthermore, a balanced diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, rich in fruit, vegetables, healthy fats and fish, is associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline.

Social and psychological implications

Another interesting aspect is the role of social relationships. SuperAgers often live in socially stimulating environments where they can interact with family, friends or community members. These interactions not only improve mood and reduce stress, but can also strengthen brain circuits associated with memory and emotional regulation.

On a psychological level, many SuperAgers show greater emotional resilience. They are less inclined to worry about stressful events and tend to see obstacles as challenges to overcome. This ability to cope with stress could be a key component of their long-term cognitive success.

Conclusions

In conclusion, adopting a lifestyle that integrates strength training, cognitively stimulating activities, social interactions and a balanced diet emerges as an effective strategy to promote cognitive resilience and counteract age-related decline. Studies, such as one conducted by the University of Sydney, have shown that a six-month strength training programme can protect brain areas vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease for up to a year after the intervention. This suggests that resistance exercise should be considered an essential component in dementia prevention strategies. In addition, engaging in intellectual and social activities, along with healthy nutrition, helps boost cognitive reserve, making the brain more resilient to the changes associated with ageing. It is therefore crucial to incorporate these practices into daily routines to support long-term mental and physical health. Start today: incorporate strength training, cultivate intellectual interests, maintain active social relationships and follow a balanced diet to preserve and improve your cognitive functions.

Dr. M.Maraldi